International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science

Abstract One of the problems facing human societies is domestic violence. The mentioned phenomenon is increasing in various forms and its negative effects are observed on society and family. Domestic violence is caused by several factors such as gender roles, type of marriage, cultural, political, legal and economic factors, social pressures, educational and socialization methods, patriarchal system, and inappropriate distribution of power in the family. Since domestic violence occurs in private and is difficult to enter, due to the undisclosed nature of these crimes and lack of access to statistical information, its examination is always problematic. The particular situation in which they live makes them more vulnerable to crime than others. Since there is no specific source for investigating the domestic violence in Iran's criminal laws and its cases, and if these crimes occur, one must refer to the general criminal rules that are not able to prevent violence, it seems that the adoption of a differential criminal policy in protecting females and children victims of domestic violence is essential because the criminal protections provided for in the general laws do not have the ability to respond to domestic violence and protect women victims of domestic violence, and the existing discrimination laws do not play a role in the form of violence.

Abstract This study examines the impact of instructional materials on students' academic performance in chemistry within public secondary schools in Ado Local Government Area, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Utilizing a descriptive survey research design, the study investigates the availability, quality, and effectiveness of instructional materials in enhancing students' understanding and engagement. A total of 80 respondents, comprising 20 teachers and 60 students, were randomly selected from four public secondary schools. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. The findings reveal a strong consensus on the positive impact of instructional materials on students' academic performance. Specifically, 95% of respondents agreed that instructional materials improve academic performance, while 90% acknowledged their role in enhancing teaching and learning processes. However, challenges such as high costs, inadequate availability, and inconsistent usage of instructional materials hinder effective chemistry instruction. The study concludes that instructional materials play a crucial role in improving students' academic performance in chemistry. Increased investment in instructional resources, teacher training on effective material utilization, and policy interventions to ensure widespread access to quality teaching aids are recommended for more effective chemistry education and improved student outcomes.

Abstract The discussion of criminal commission is not a novel legal category, having been thoroughly examined in juridical literature and legal commentaries. However, the enactment of the 2012 Penal Law introduced new dimensions to this established discourse. Therefore, changes have been made in the field of the regulations of starting a crime, citing sources library and using analytical and descriptive methods to examine this legal institution and its innovations, damages, conflicts and dynamics and efficiency, obstacles and problems of this law, as a result of the evolution in the concept of starting a crime, criminalizing sterile acts, and the impossibility and criminalization of all acts of committing a crime are among the innovations of this law, and the ambiguity in the punishment for committing certain crimes, the lack of proportionality in the punishments for committing a crime, silence regarding the initiation of certain crimes are among the harms of this law. The new law, from its inception, omitted any definition of crime itself and focused solely on establishing its criminalization. Another advantage of this law is that it considers "involuntary withdrawal" as one of the conditions for the initiation of a crime. Another significant advantage is the explicit recognition of 'criminal attempt' as an offense, which resolves longstanding ambiguities in our legal framework. Furthermore, the law now establishes that attempt liability applies to crimes carrying punitive and deterrent punishments, provided such liability is expressly stipulated in the statutory provisions.

Abstract A review of tuberculosis (TB) incidence in various countries was conducted for a descriptive epidemiological study of trends, focusing on Iran and its surrounding WHO regions from 2010 to 2023. The analysis revealed significant differences in TB incidence rates among these regions, with the highest rates reported in the African Region and South-East Asia Region. Factors contributing to these disparities include socioeconomic status, healthcare access, and health system vulnerabilities. Notable decreases in TB rates were observed in Iran, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia, attributed to improved healthcare services and public health interventions. However, challenges persist, such as high rates in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the presence of drug-resistant strains in some countries. The study highlights the importance of tailored prevention campaigns, improved healthcare capacity, and enhanced TB control measures, including early detection and treatment adherence. Data from Iran illustrate the need for targeted public health strategies, particularly in high-risk areas. The correlation between TB incidence and the Human Development Index underscores the impact of poverty and limited healthcare access. The study suggests that better data quality and longitudinal research are required for a more nuanced understanding of TB trends and the effectiveness of interventions. Additionally, the findings emphasize the need for regional cooperation in TB control, especially considering the influence of migration and neighboring countries' health situations. Overall, the abstract underscores the ongoing health challenge posed by TB and the importance of sustained efforts to achieve global TB elimination goals set by the WHO.

Abstract Concepts play a pivotal role in the epistemology of the humanities; consequently, the process of constructing and perceiving concepts—particularly purely abstract ones—constitutes a foundational topic in the humanities, engaging not only philosophy, logic, and the principles of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh) but also linguistics. The formation and perception of such non-objective concepts are based on mental and linguistic conceptualization, rooted in the discourse on the relationship between language and mind. Although conceptualization may appear to be originated in Western philosophy—with analytic philosophy and contemporary semantics (under the framework of cognitive semantics) now leading these discussions—its true roots, predating Western thought by centuries, must be traced to the Islamic philosophical and jurisprudential debates on the relationship between words and meanings (al-lafẓ wa al-maʿnā).These discussions have been primarily addressed in uṣūl al-fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) and the philosophy of iʿtibārīyāt (conventional/constructive perceptions). In analytic philosophy, the process of conceptualization operates through metaphorical perception, where the sensible is mapped onto the tangible, whereas in Islamic philosophy, it functions through iʿtibārī perception, where objective concepts are transferred into mental constructs. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the semantic foundations underlying the formation and perception of purely abstract concepts in Western analytic philosophy and Islamic philosophy.

Abstract Dental caries is an infectious disease resulting from the destruction of calcified tooth structures and is recognized as one of the most commonly experienced diseases among the general population. The aim of this investigation is to asses parental knowledge regarding the prevention of caries in adolescents. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2025. A total of 150 parents of children aged between 12 and 18 years residing in Ilam city and its surrounding villages were enrolled. In the initial phase, four schools were selected from Ilam County, and the parents of the students were sampled using random sampling techniques. Upon data collection, the information was entered into SPSS version 21. Results showed that 50% of parents were male, 48.7% had education below diploma, 53.3% were employmed, 74% of parents lived in the city, and 50% of parents had average economic status. The findings indicated that the mean (SD) parental knowledge score was 12.5 (3.24), attitude score was 20.81 (2.94), and the practices score was 5.74 (1.46). Additionally, the results showed, there was a relationship between educational status and KAP score, and the M(SD) of KAP score being higher in individuals with higher education than in those with lower education. Moreover, parents who had more children reported higher knowledge and attitude scores. It is recommended that educational interventions be implemented to improve parents’ KAP scores.