International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science

Abstract Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a commonly used branch of artificial intelligence that deals with human-computer interaction through natural language. This technology enables machines to understand, interpret, and produce human language, and with its help, intelligent systems such as voice assistants, automatic translators, chatbots, and text analysis tools have been developed. Combining linguistic knowledge and machine learning, NLP attempts to accurately analyze the relationship between words, sentences, and meanings and provide intelligent responses. While significant advancements have been made for high-resource languages, multilingual and low-resource languages remain underrepresented. This study explores the challenges and opportunities in Natural Language Processing (NLP) for multilingual and low-resource languages. We discuss the unique linguistic features, data scarcity issues, and the socio-cultural factors influencing the development of NLP tools for these languages. Furthermore, we highlight existing methodologies, such as transfer learning and data augmentation, that can enhance performance in low-resource scenarios. Through encouraging teamwork and innovative approaches, we strive to bridge the gap in NLP resources and technologies, ensuring inclusivity and accessibility for speakers of all languages. This study highlights the singnificance of developing robust NLP solutions that cater to the diverse linguistic landscape of our global society.

Abstract The present study investigated the effectiveness of Matrix model and mindfulness-based stress reduction combined therapy on rumination. Rumination is a general term which indicates thoughts that are repetitive, cyclical, self-focused, and depressing, which play a fundamental role in depression. Likewise, the results of a study conducted on a sample of young males proved the effect of rumination as a predictor of the onset of substance abuse disorders and the severity of symptoms of this disorder in the next 4 years. In mindfulness therapy, patients are trained to stop the cycle of rumination and distance themselves from their negative thoughts. In fact, flexibility of attention, mental enrichment, stopping rumination, correcting false positive and negative beliefs, and also challenging negative beliefs related to emotions, reduce depression and rumination. The results of the study conducted by Blake et al. (2011) showed that mindfulness meditation is one of the types of high-level cognitive functions that can overshadow rumination. According to Kumar et al. (2008), mindfulness-based treatment has found its way into various types of mental disorders today. These treatments include major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, borderline personality disorder, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse.

Abstract Change management is the process of planning, implementing, and sustaining changes in a company or organization, which refers to how a company manages new changes such as implementing new technologies, adjusting existing processes, and changes in organizational hierarchy. In the era of digital transformation, change management has become a critical component for organizations aiming to adapt to rapidly evolving technological landscapes. This study explores the strategies essential for successful change management in the context of digital transformation. It highlights the significance of leadership commitment, employee engagement, and a clear vision to drive organizational change. The study emphasizes the role of agile methodologies, continuous learning, and effective communication in facilitating smooth transitions. In addition, it addresses the challenges posed by resistance to change and the need for a culture that embraces innovation. By examining case studies and best practices, this research provides actionable insights for organizations seeking to navigate the complexities of digital transformation and achieve sustainable success.

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant global health issue, affecting approximately one-third of the world's population as of 1990. This statistic refers to latent TB infections rather than active cases. This study aims to examine TB incidence in various WHO regions from 2010 to 2023, looking for differences and potential links to other factors. A descriptive analysis was conducted to study TB incidence rates across regions and years, using data from the WHO database. The One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were utilized for analysis. The findings indicate that TB incidence per 100,000 people is not normally distributed across WHO regions and over the years studied. The highest average annual incidence is found in the African Region (255 cases) and the South-East Asia Region (245 cases), while the lowest is in the European Region and the PAHO Region of the Americas (31 and 28 cases, respectively). There are significant differences in TB incidence among WHO regions and over time, with a noticeable decline in incidence in the African Region during the study. Although the correlation between the study year and TB incidence is weak but significant, it shows a global trend of decreasing TB rates. The study highlights the need for understanding regional variations to develop focused control strategies and points out those global efforts, like the WHO's Stop TB Partnership, have positively influenced trends. It stresses the importance of continued research and surveillance for effective TB prevention and treatment, advocating for equitable public health interventions.

Abstract Custody is one of the challenging and important legal and jurisprudential issues. In Imami jurisprudence, raising a child and guardianship over his care are called custody. Jurists have used custody in its jurisprudential meaning. From the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law, during the period of the child’s joint life, the custody of the child’s parents is the responsibility of both of them. In the event of separation of the parents, there is a difference of opinion among the jurists regarding the person who has the right to custody of the child. The famous saying of the Imami jurists is that the custody of a son after the age of two is with the father and the custody of a daughter until the age of seven is with the mother. Accordingly, the question arises as to how long the custody period of the child is for the mother and father? Isn’t separating the child from the mother ignoring his emotions? A descriptive-analytical study of the statements of Imami jurists and the civil law shows that, contrary to the well-known Imami jurists in accordance with article 1169 of the civil code. If the parents are alive, the custody of the child up to the age of seven is the responsibility of the mother and after that the responsibility of the father, in this regard there is no difference between a son and a daughter. If only one of the two is alive, he has priority over other relatives in the care of the child. If neither of the parents is alive, the custody goes to the paternal grandfather and in the absence of a guardian, the responsibility goes to the relatives in the order of precedence in inheritance. According to article 1168, custody is both the right and the duty of the parents and the holder of custody cannot revoke or transfer it and this right can be revoked for some reasons.

Abstract Background and aim: This study is an attempt based on the documents and sources and the available religious sources to explain the most important function of retribution, preventing the occurrence of crime and maintaining order and social security. Retribution serves not only as proof of justice but also as a means to heal the conscience of the victim (or their family), refine the criminal’s character, and reduce physical crimes in societies that enforce it. Results: Revenge entails punishing the murderer or assailant by inflicting upon them the same harm they committed. Sometimes there are factors that directly prevent the execution of Qisas, these factors are called obstacles to retribution, including Abbot (i.e. father-son relationship) and inequality in religion, if one of these factors exists in a person, retribution is rejected.  Besides these obstacles, there are factors that cause the removal of responsibility and the fall of retribution, which can be mentioned as childhood, insanity, sleep, etc. that if a person commits murder and one of these factors is in him, revenge will not take place.
Conclusion: From the perspective of the philosophy of Islamic punishment, retribution is legislated not only because of the merit of the criminal and the realization of criminal justice, and not only for the realization of individual and social effects and results, but also for the crime and the merit of the criminal and the realization of justice and the future. The proposed study is an attempt based on the documents and sources and the available sharia sources to prove the most important function of retribution, preventing the occurrence of crime and maintaining order and social security. Retribution, just as it is a proof of justice, it is a reason that heals the conscience of the victim against him or his parents, and it is a reason for the refinement of the criminal, and it also causes the reduction of physical crimes in the societies that implement it. The implementation of criminal justice is dependent on this punishment, and if it is not implemented, it is ruled out, because justice is not absolute justice from the point of view of the philosophy of Islamic punishment, and the only way to deal with the criminal is not to deal with justice, but to respond to evil with benevolence and kindness. Benevolence is another way to implement justice.