Document Type : Original Article

Author

School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Aging is a phenomenon that can be assumed of the natural course of human life.During aging, some changes in all organs that led to increase impairment in balance meanwhile the circadian cycle also isn’t ineffective. The aim of this study was to detective the effect of a balance training program in the morning and afternoon on static and dynamic balance in healthy elderly. This quasi-experimental study in 24 healthy elderly subjects with no history of regular exercise (5.5 ± 68.7 years old, height 8.2 ± 1.6 m, weight 8.9 ± 68.4 kg) were selected as available. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 12 each divided into morning and afternoongroups were subjected to 8 weeks of balance training.  To assess dynamic balance used the stars test and statistical calculations were performed using SPSS version 20. Comparisons between groups based on the pre-test and post-test  ​​for the overall dynamic balance, the effect of exercise on balance provided in the morning and afternoon. It is not seen the improvement in the star test after a period of exercise training, between two groups (p >0.05). The results of the two groups showed improved balance training, after the training. Comparisons between groups based on the pre-test and post-test values ​​for the general dynamic balance, the effect of exercise on balance provided in the morning and afternoon. It can be seen that after a period of exercise training improved the dynamic balance test star general in the internal anterior, internal, posterior, external posterior and external is not in any of the two groups (p>0.05), and in anterior and external anterior Afternoon practice is a good time (p<0.05). According to this study, balance training in the morning rather than in the afternoon, except for the South and South West of dynamic balance was not significantly different between people, so special time to do some exercises to improve balance and dynamic balance in the elderly is not recommended.

Keywords

Carter, N.D., Kannus, P., Khan, K.M (2001). Exercise in the prevention of falls in older people: a systematic literature review examining the rationale and the evidence. Sports Med, 31 (6): 427-38.
Sadeghi, H., Norouzi, H.R., Karimi, A., AMontazer, M.R (2009).  Functional Training Program Effect on Static and Dynamic Balance in Male Able-bodied Elderly. J Salmandi Iran, 3(8): 565-571.
Downton, J.H., Falls, I (1998). Tallis R, Fillit H, Brocklehurst JC, editors. Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 5th ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone, 1359–1370.
Jorgensen, M.G., Rathleff, M.S., Laessoe, U., Caserotti, P., Nielsen, O.B., Aagaard, P (2012). Time-of-day influences postural balance in older adults. Gait Posture, 35(4):653-657.
Cote, K.P., Brunet, M.E., Gansneder, B.M., Shultz, S.J (2005). Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. J Athl Train, 40(1):41-46.
Hoyer, D., Clairambault, J (2007). Rhythms from seconds to days. Physiological importance and therapeutic implications. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag, 26(6): 12-3.
Reilly, T., Atkinson, G., Waterhouse, J (2000).  "Chronobiology and physical performance". In: Garrett, W.E., Jr., Kirkendall, D.T. eds. Exercise and sport science. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 351-372.
Atkinson, G., Reilly, T (1996). Circadian
variation in sport performance. Journal Sport Med, 21(4): 292-312.
Lac, G., Chamoux, A. (2006). Do circannual rhythm of cortisol and testosterone interfere with variations induced by other events?]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris), 67(1):60-63.
Bellew, J.W., Yates, J.W., Gater, D.R (2003). The initial effects of low-volume strength training on balance in untrained older men and women. J Strength Cond Res, 17(1):121-8.
Bressel, E., Yonker, J.C., Kras, J., Health, E.M (2007). Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball and gymnastics athletes". J Athl train,42(1): 42-46.
Timothy, G.L., Alex, F.R., Reynaldo, M (1998). Anthropometric Standardization reference Manual, Chapter 2:15-17.
Manini, T., Marko, M., VanArnam, T., Cook, S., Fernhall, B., Burke, J., Ploutz-Snyder, L (2007). Efficacy of resistance and task-specific exercise in older adults who modify tasks of everyday life.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci ,62(6): 616-23.
Teresa, L.A., Kban, K.M., Eng, J.J., Janssen, P.A., Lord, S.R., Mckay, H.A (2004). Resistance and agility training reduce fall risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass: A 6-month randomized, controlled trail. J Ame Geri Soc, 52:657-665.
Mahdavi, z., Molabashi, L., Safavi Bayat, Z., Yaghmaei, F., Mehrabi, Y (2011). Effect of balance training on balance in elderly nursing home resident in Tehran in 2010 – 2011. J Salmandi Iran, 9(4): 33-9.
Abbasi, A., Sadeghi, H., Berenjian Tabrizi, H., Bagheri, K., Ghaseminejad, A.R (2012).  Effect of balance training in water and non-training on neuromuscular function and elderly male balance. Koomesh, 3(43): 44-9.
Raste, H., Aliaei, G.H., Abdolvahab, M., Jalili, M., Jalaei, S.H (2010). Review coxy and kavtoron training to improve balance in elderly men in Mashhad elderly center. Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal, 3(1, 2): 49- 53.
Kammerlind, A.S., Håkansson, J.K., Skogsberg, M.C (2012). Effects of balance training in elderly people with nonperipheral vertigo and unsteadiness. BMJ, 345:45-47.
Armstrong Lawrence, A (2003). "Impact on the environment, sports activities," translated by Gaeini, Abbas Ali and colleagues, published by the Semat.
Gribble, P.A., Tucker, W.S., White, P.A (2007). Time-of-day influences on static and dynamic postural control . J Athl Train ,42(1): 35-41.
Gribble, P.A., Hertel, J (2004). Changes in postural control during a 48-hr. sleep deprivation period. Percept Mot Skills, 99(3 Pt 1):1035-1045.
Nakano, T., Araki, K., Michimori, A., Inbe, H., Hagiwara, H., Koyama, E (2001). Nineteen-hour variation of postural sway, alertness and rectal temperature during sleep deprivation. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 55(3): 277-278.
Agarwal, R (2010). Regulation of circadian blood pressure: from mice to astronauts. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 19(1):51-58.
Newhouse, I.J., Johnson, K.P., Montelpare, W.J., McAuliffe, J.E (2002). Variability within individuals of plasma ionic magnesium concentrations. BMC Physiol, 26: 2-6.
Souissi, N., Gauthier, A., Sesboüé, B., Larue, J., Davenne, D (2002). Effects of regular training at the same time of day on diurnal fluctuations in muscular performance. J Sports Sci, 20(11): 929-37.
Gauthier, A., Davenne, D., Martin, A., Van Hoecke, J (2001). Time of day effects on isometric and isokinetic torque developed during elbow flexion in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol, 84(3): 249-52.
Borzoo, S., Arastoo, A.A., Ghasemzade, R., Zahednejad, S., Habibi, A., Latifi, S.M (2009). Effect of aerobic training on elderly quality of life in Ahvaz. J Salmandi Iran, 3(2), 43-5.
Munch, M., Knoblauch, V., Blatter, K., Schroder, C., Schnitzler. C., Krauchi, K (2005). Age-related attenuation of the evening circadian arousal signal in humans .Neurobiol Aging.  Epub, 26(9):1307-19.
Maki, B.E., Holliday, P.J., Topper, A.K (1991). Fear of falling and postural performance in the elderly. J Gerontol, 46(4), 123-31.
Lord, SR., Castell, S., Corcoran, J., Dayhew, J., Matters, B., Shan, A, Williams, P (2003). The effect of group exercise on physical functioning and falls in frail older people living in retirement villages: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc, 51(12):1685-92.