Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 MSc in Architecture, Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Boroujerd, Iran

2 MSc in Architecture, Lecturer of Architecture Department in Golestan Non-profit Institute of Gorgan, Iran

3 Departmant Of Architecture, Gonbad Kavous Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gonbad Kavous ,Iran

4 MSc in Architecture

Abstract

Cities and habitations are among the most prominent and tangible effects of human culture, which express many mental and subjective components affected by and resulting from it, by providing objective and perceivable spaces. Islamic cities also were not (and are not) an exception. Islamic cities represent a special concept of city. In this concept, Islamic values and attitudes are manifested. Such values and attitudes are evident in construction of urban elements. The results indicate that formation of design principles of Islamic city mainly depend on Islamic values and cultural beliefs rooted in nature of Islamic rules, which also affect various aspects of lives the Muslims, including construction of habitations. In this study, it is tried to investigate the characteristics and physical structure of Islamic city in various periods by a combined library and analytical-descriptive method. Finally, it is concluded that such factors as economic development and social characteristics influenced (and influence) the physical structure of Islamic cities in addition to the attitude of the rulers of each period and the ideology resulting therefrom.

Keywords

Ibne Khaldoon, Abdulrahman Bin M. (1429 Lunar Hegira), “Introduction by Ibne Khaldoon”, Beirut, Sida, Almaktabah Alasriah.
Bemat, N. (1990) “Islamic City”, Translated by Mohammad Hossein Halimi and Manijeh Eslambolchi, Tehran, Press and Publication Organization of Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.
Bukhart, T. (1986), “Islamic Art: Language and Expression”, Translated by Masoud Rajabnia, Tehran, Soroush.
Habibi, M. (1996), “From Shar to Shahr”, Tehran, University of Tehran.
Koneo P. (2005), “History of Urban Development in the World of Islam”, Translated by Saeid Zonoozi, Tehran, Civil and Improvement Co.
Weber, M. (2005), “City in the Course of Time”, Translated by Shiva Kaviani, Tehran, Enteshar Joint Stock Co.
Hakimi, M. (2001), “Sun of the West”, Tehran, Islamic Culture Press Office, 18th Issue.
Dr. Naghizadeh, M. (1999), Article: Resources and Method of Recognition of Theoretical Fundamentals of Sacred Architecture and Islamic City, Honar Quarterly, New Release, Vol. 40, Specific for Sacred Art; 99-116.
Asil H. (2002), “Utopia in Iranian Thought”, Tehran, Ney Press, 2nd Ed.
Koorani, A. (1992), “Age of Manifestation”, Translated by Abbas Jalali, Press and Publication Center of Islamic Development Organization, 2nd Ed.
“Comprehensive” Koran Software CD, Koran Translation and Interpretation Application.
Sattari Sarbangholi, Hassan, Unpublished Article “Modern Procedures in Age of Manifestation”
Farooq, H. (2006), Islam: Environmental Protection (Presidential Address to the Pakistan Ecology Council at the Karachi Hall, Lahore High Court Bar Association).
Karim, Fazlul, 1938/9, Al-Hadis: An English Translation and Commentary of “Mishkat-ul-Masabih”: Vols. 1 and 2, Calcutta, East Pakistan.
Sabiq, al-Saiyed, (1969/71), Fiqh al-sunna, Vols. 2 and 3, Dar al-Kitab, Al- Arabi, Beirut.
http://www.7setareh.ir/Religion/view15117.asp.
Fischel, I.W. (1956), the City in Islam, in Middle Eastern Affairs.
Hakim, B. (1986), Arabic Islamic cities: Building and Planning Principles.
Annas, J. (2000), Ancient Philosophy, a Very Short Introduction, Oxford, New York.
Augustine (1998), City of God against the Pagans, Cambridge University Press, First Published.
Stern, S.M. (1967), “The Constitution of the Islamic City” in A.H. Hourani and S.N. Stern (Eds.), “The Islamic City: A Colloquium”, Oxford, Bruno Cassirer, 25-50.
Turner, B.S. (1976), Weber and Islam: A Critical Study, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Von Grunebaum, G.E. (1961), Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition, London, Routledge and Legan Paul, (2nd Ed.).
Weber, M. (1968), Economy and Society, Translated by G. Roth and C. Wittich, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Weber, M. (1968), “The City”, Translated by G. Roth and C. Wittich, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Wheatly, P. (1976), “Levels of Space Awareness in the Traditional Islamic City”, Ekistics, Vol. 42, No. 253, 354-66.
Brown, L.C. (1973), “Introduction” in L.C. Brown (Ed.) From Madina to Metropolis: Heritage and Change in the Near Eastern City, Princeton, New Jersey, Darwin Press, 15-50.
Galantay, E.Y. (1986), “The City: Organism or Artifact?” in R. Berger (Ed.), Art and Technology, New York, Paragon House.
Galantay, E.Y. (1977), “The Labyrinth and the Grid: Basic Types of Urban Form”, Swissair Gazette, No. 10.
Gorringe, T.J. (2002), “A Theology of the Built Environment: Justice, Empowerment, Redemption, Cambridge”, Cambridge University Press.